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Breast cancer has become the most common cancer for women in China.Lack of effective therapeutic targets,triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)has poorer prognosis compared with other subtypes of breast cancer.Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)are a group of heterogeneous lymphocytes around the tumor,which are believed as immunoreactive products of host immune response to tumor antigens.At present,there have been reports on the predictive effect of TILs on the prognosis of breast cancer,and the available studies focus mainly on TNBC.This article briefly reviews the recent progress of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in immunotherapy of TNBC.
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Female , Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor , China , Immunotherapy , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating , Prognosis , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from the ethanol extract of Yaobitong Capsule. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated silica gel column, dynamic axial compression chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column, and prep-HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of NMR spectral data analysis. Results Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified to be nodakenetin (1), columbianetin (2), ferulic acid (3), umbelliferone (4), bergaptol (5), xanthotoxin (6), isoimperatorin (7), scoparone (8), (Z)-6-hydroxy-7-methoxydihydroligustilide (9), 4-hydroxy-3-butylphthalide (10), 3-(3′-hydroxy)- butylphthalide (11), senkyunolide C (12), senkyunolide H (13), senkyunolide I (14), fraxidin (15), and isofraxidin (16). Conclusion Compounds 1—16 are isolated from Yaobitong Capsule for the first time, and compound 11 is obtained by the means of separation for the first time.
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Objective To observe the changes of preoperative and postoperative retinal circulation time in partretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods Together 16 patients (16 eyes) were collected as the subjects in this study,who was diagnosed as severe non-proliferative and proliferative DR by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination and had PRP indications for undergoing pan-retinal laser photocoagulation.Then retinal arterial and venous cir culation time in all patients was recorded using FFA before and 1 to 3 months after treatment.Meanwhile,it was necessary to observe the following variables,including the developing duration and complete filling time of the four branches of the retinal artery,as well as the duration of the laminar flow and complete filling time of the four branches of the venous artery,followed by calculating mean transition time of retinal artery,retinal capillary,retinal vein,retinal arteriovenous flow for comparison and analysis of changes in transit time of retina in different time-periods before and after treatment.Results The mean transition time of the retinal capillary in patient was (1.58 ± 0.99) s before treatment and (2.19 + 1.23)s after treatment,and the difference was statistically significant(P =0.011),but there was no significant difference in the mean transition time of the retinal artery,retinal vein and arteriovenous flow (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The transit time of the retinal capillary at 1 to 3 months after PRP is significantly longer than that before treatment.
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Objective To observe the changes of preoperative and postoperative retinal circulation time in partretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods Together 16 patients (16 eyes) were collected as the subjects in this study,who was diagnosed as severe non-proliferative and proliferative DR by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination and had PRP indications for undergoing pan-retinal laser photocoagulation.Then retinal arterial and venous cir culation time in all patients was recorded using FFA before and 1 to 3 months after treatment.Meanwhile,it was necessary to observe the following variables,including the developing duration and complete filling time of the four branches of the retinal artery,as well as the duration of the laminar flow and complete filling time of the four branches of the venous artery,followed by calculating mean transition time of retinal artery,retinal capillary,retinal vein,retinal arteriovenous flow for comparison and analysis of changes in transit time of retina in different time-periods before and after treatment.Results The mean transition time of the retinal capillary in patient was (1.58 ± 0.99) s before treatment and (2.19 + 1.23)s after treatment,and the difference was statistically significant(P =0.011),but there was no significant difference in the mean transition time of the retinal artery,retinal vein and arteriovenous flow (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The transit time of the retinal capillary at 1 to 3 months after PRP is significantly longer than that before treatment.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis and their protective effects on myocardium of H9c2 cells. Methods: The compounds were isolated by dynamic axial compression chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data analysis. The protective effects of all isolated compounds on myocardium were determined. Results: Sixteen compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of R. wallichiana var. cholaensis and identified as salidroside (1), gallic acid (2), methyl gallate (3), quercetin (4), pyrogallol (5), 6″-O-galloylsalidroside (6), ethyl gallate (7), kaemnpferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), herbacertin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), rhodiosin (10), kaemnpferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), herbacetin (12), herbacertin-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (13), tricin (14), rutin (15), and kaemnpferol-3-O-(2″-O-β-D-xylosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (16). Compounds 2, 6, 8, 12, and 15 showed the significant protective effects against H9c2 cells at the concentration of 25 μg/mL and the protective ratios were 20.40%, 31.54%, 67.61%, 44.27%, and 47.84%. Conclusion: Compound 5 is isolated from the species of genus Rhodiola L. for the first time, and compounds 7-16 are obtained from the plant for the first time. Compounds 2, 6, 8, 12, and 15 could protect the myocardium of H9c2 cells to some extent.
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To investigate the chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extact of Guizhi Fuling Capsule. The compounds were isolated by chromatography on silica gel, Sephdex LH-20 columns, and prep-HPLC. The chemical structures were identified by NMR methods, respectively. Eleven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extact. They were identified as benzoylpaeoniflorin (1), albiflorin R1 (2), paeonidanin A (3), 4-methylbenzoylpaeoniflorin (4), paeonidanin B (5), 4-O-methylgalloylpaeoniflorin (6), and paeoniflorin B (7). Four compounds were isolated from the n-butanol extact and were identified as isomaltopaeoniflorin (8), paeoniflorin (9), oxypaeoniflorin (10), and albiflorin (11). Compounds 1-8 are isolated from Guizhi Fuling Capsula for the first time, and compounds 1-11 belong to the category of peaoniflorin.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the water extract of Rhodiola wallichiana. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated dynamic axial compression chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and prep-HPLC, and their structures were identified by the basis of spectral data analysis. Results: Eleven compounds were isolated from the water extract and identified to be gallic acid (1), syringic acid (2), tyrosol (3), salidroside (4), 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid (5), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (6), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7), p-coumaric acid (8), p-coumaric acid-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (9), benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranodide (10), piceoside (11), dihydroconiferin (12), bergeninum (13), rhodiocyanoside A (14), and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (15). Conclusion: Compounds 7 and 15 are isolated from the plants of Rhodiola L. for the first time, and compounds 5-6, 8-12, and 14 are obtained from R. wallichiana for the first time.
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The extracting technology of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma was optimized. With extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid as indexes, orthogonal test was used to evaluate effect of 4 factors on extracting technology, including concentration of solvent, the dosage of solvent, duration of extraction, and frequency of extraction. The results showed that, the best extracting technology was to extract in 70% alcohol with 8 times the weight of herbal medicine for 2 times, with 3 hours once. High extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid were obtained with the present technology. The extracting technology was stable and feasible with high extraction rate of four compounds from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma, it was suitable for industrial production.
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Chemical Fractionation , Methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Methods , Coumarins , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Gallic Acid , Glucosides , Phenols , Phenylethyl Alcohol , Rhizome , Chemistry , Rhodiola , ChemistryABSTRACT
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose (PGG) is one of the main active compounds of Guizhi Fuling capsule. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) have high affinity toward template molecules synthesized by molecularly imprinted technology for its specific combined sites, which can overcome the shortcoming of traditional separation methods, such as complex operation, low efficiency, using large quantity of solvent and environmental pollution. In this paper, surface molecularly imprinted polymer (SMIP) was prepared by surface imprinting with PGG as the template molecule. Its adsorption capacity was measured by the scatchard equation. The separation of PGG from Guizhi Fuling capsule at preparatived scale was achieved with molecularly imprinted polymer as stationary phase and the purity was 90.2% by HPLC. This method can be used to prepare PGG from Guizhi Fuling capsule with large capacity and is easy to operate. It provides a new method for efficient separation and purification for other natural products.
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Adsorption , Capsules , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Hydrolyzable Tannins , Chemistry , Molecular Imprinting , Polymers , ChemistryABSTRACT
Tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside are the main active constituents of Rhodiola crenulata, with extensive pharmacological activities. In the study, grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside were simultaneously separated from R. crenulata by the first time. Firstly, R. crenulata was extracted by 70% alcohol. Then, with the yields of three compounds as the index, the macroporous resin was optimized. At last, grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside were isolated by D-101 macroporousresin, purified by column chromatography. Detected by HPLC, the purity of three compounds were higher than 98%. This method has the advantages of simple process and operation, less dosage of organic solvent, highly yield and reproducibility, suitable for the simultaneously preparation of tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside.
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Chemical Fractionation , Methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Coumarins , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Glucosides , Phenols , Phenylethyl Alcohol , Rhodiola , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the anti-complementary phenolic acids from Lonicera japonica.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The anti-complementary activity-directed isolation was carried out with the hemolysis test as guide. All isolation was evaluated for their in vitro anti-complementary activities. The structures were identified by various spectroscopic data including ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR data.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Fourteen compounds were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of L. japonica extracts, including 8 phenolic acids: 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1), chlorogenic (2), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4), 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (6), caffeic acid (7) and methyl caffeate acid (8); 3 iridoids: secologanoside (9), sweroside (10) and secoxyloganin (11); and 3 flavonoids: luteolin (12), quercetin (13) and kaempferol (14). Compounds 1-9 and 11-14 showed anti-complementary activity in different extents and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) exhibited the most significant activity against the classical pathway.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 14 is obtained from this plant for the first time, phenolic acids are the main anti-complementary constituents of L. japonica and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid(4) is a potential complement inhibitor with strong activity, which worthy to be studied further in the future.</p>
Subject(s)
Complement Inactivating Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Hydroxybenzoates , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Lonicera , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Mammography is the principle imaging modality used for early diagnosis of breast cancer in Western countries. It has not been well-established whether this Western diagnostic modality is adoptable for Chinese women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respective accuracy of the common diagnostic tools for breast cancer including history-taking, physical examination, ultrasound and mammography.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical presentation and investigations for consecutive patients undergoing history-taking, physical examination, ultrasound, mammography and pathological assessment at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were prospectively recorded between April 2010 and September 2011. Breast cancer high-risk factors acquired by history-taking were input into the risk assessment model established previously by Eleventh Five Year Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of China (Grant No. 2006BAI02A09) and classified into low-, medium-, high- and extremely high-risk groups. The low- and medium-risk groups were defined as test negative, while the high- and extremely high-risk groups were defined as test positive. Each mammogram and ultrasound was reported prospectively using a five-point reporting scale of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Clinical data were compared with pathological findings. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PRV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of respective diagnostic methods were calculated and compared. The patients were divided into two groups, above and below 50 years of age for subgroup analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1468 patients (1475 breast lesions) constituted the study population. The median age was 44 (range 13 - 92) years. Five hundred and fifty-one patients were diagnosed as breast cancer. The median age at diagnosis was 51 years and breast cancer peaked in the age group of 40 - 60 years. The sensitivity of risk assessment model, physical examination, ultrasound and mammogram was 47.5%, 86.2%, 89.8% and 79.3%, respectively; specificity was 68.8%, 83.3%, 81.0% and 88.7%, respectively; PRV was 47.6%, 75.5%, 73.8% and 80.8%, respectively; NPV was 68.8%, 91.0%, 93.0% and 87.8%, respectively; and accuracy was 60.9%, 84.4%, 84.3% and 85.2%, respectively. Further subgroup analysis demonstrated that age is an important factor influencing the sensitivity and specificity of physical examination, ultrasound and mammography.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ultrasound is more sensitive than mammography for early diagnosis of breast cancer in Chinese women and should be routinely used as a first-line diagnostic tool. Only a single diagnostic method is not enough sometimes and combined examination is needed for some high-risk populations.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Age Factors , Breast Diseases , Diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging , Breast Neoplasms , Diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging , Carcinoma in Situ , Diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast , Diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging , China , Early Detection of Cancer , Methods , Mammography , Medical History Taking , Physical Examination , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Sensitivity and Specificity , Ultrasonography, MammaryABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on creatinine have been found to have limitations and have not been generalizable across all populations. Equations based on cystatin C provide an alternative method to estimate GFR. Whether the equation based on cystatin C alone or combined creatinine would improve GFR estimates has not been validated among Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation based on creatinine with the five cystatin C-based formulae for estimation of GFR in patients with CKD and diabetes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 166 patients with CKD and 91 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. Cystatin C was measured by using the particle-enhanced immunonephelometric method and estimated formulae proposed by five different investigator teams (Stevens, Ma, Rule, Macisaac and Perkins). The plasma clearance of (99m)Tc-DTPA was determined as measured GFR (mGFR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For CKD patients, the bias and accuracy for the Ma and Macisaac equations were superior compared with the MDRD, and the mean results for the Ma formula were closer to mGFR than the other equations in CKD stages 2 - 5. The differences between Macisaac and mGFR in CKD stages 2 - 4 were significantly less than those in CKD stage 1 or 5. Stevens and Rule's formulae revealed a similar bias and accuracy compared with the MDRD equation. The MDRD formula had a higher accuracy in CKD stages 3 - 5 as compared with the results in other stages. For diabetic patients, the mean results between Macisaac and mGFR were closer than those of other equations in mGFR >or= 90 mlxmin(-1)x1.73 m(-2) stage. In GFR 60 - 89 mlxmin(-1)x1.73 m(-2) stage, the MDRD formula showed the smallest difference compared with other equations. All equations overestimated GFR in the cases with GFR < 60 mlxmin(-1)x1.73 m(-2) stages. The MDRD formula had a greater accuracy within 50% of mGFR than the equations based on cystatin C in diabetic patients. Perkins formula showed a large positive bias and low accuracy, therefore it may not be suitable for assessing GFR in patients with CKD and diabetes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The formulae for estimating GFR based on cystatin C or creatinine have different trends and accuracies in patients with CKD and diabetes, especially in patients with various GFR levels. The equations based on cystatin C provide less accurate results than MDRD formulae, at least in the diabetic patients. Therefore, whether the formulae based on cystatin C are superior to MDRD formula requires further investigation in large diverse populations.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chronic Disease , Creatinine , Blood , Cystatin C , Blood , Diabetes Mellitus , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney DiseasesABSTRACT
To construct knockout vectors containing ampicillin resistant gene and partial sequence of hyaluronidase gene(Hyl)so that Hyl can be knock out by transforming the plasmid into Streptococcus zoopidemics mutans.First,partial sequence of Hyl(Hyl-1)was cloned into the vector of pMD19-T by using DNA of Streptococcus zoopidemics as template,and then a knockout vector pMD19T-SA was constructed,in which Hyl-1 gene was disrupted by inserting ampicillin resistant gene(Amp)from reverse PCR.As expected,the vector was proved to be consisted of Hyl-1-Amp-Hyl-1-pMD19-T.Thereafter,DNA fragment of Hyl-1-Amp-Hyl-1 was subcloned into pBR322 vector,the resulting construct was then checked by PCR and restriction analysis for the proper configuration of the knockout vector pBR322-SA.Both of the knockout vectors were used to transform Streptococcus zoopidemics and one recombinant was obtained in result.From results of PCR and Hyl activity assay,it was indicated that in the recombinant the Hyl gene was disrupted completely.
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Objective To evaluate the performance of Cys C results among two detection system.Methods The particle-enhanced immunonephrometic assay was used in Dade Behring BNII. Immunoturbic assay was used in Hitachi 7170 to evaluate the JING' YUAN reagents.We compared the precison,linearity,interference,correlation,and calibrators agreement with Dade Behring BNII.Results The total CV of the samples that contain 0.6-5.0 mg/L was less than 10%.The Dade Behring and JING'YUAN method showed good linearity.Haemoglobin(10 g/L),Bilirubin(300 mg/L), Vitamin C(5 g/L)in the tested sample had no significant interference in the assay(interference 0.05) between JING' YUAN and Dade Behring reagents.Values were slightly lower than that from the Dade Behring BNII method,the mean bias was-0.16.The bias range was 1.1%-23% between JING'YUAN and Dade Behring for one sample.Conclusions The precision,linearity and interference test were suitable for routine Cys C measurement on automated biochemistry analyzer,but results has bias.
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Objective To compare the coherence of serum creatinine,creatinine clearance(Ccr), Cystatin C,and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in each stage of chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients.Methods Creatinine in serum and urine were determined by Jaffe method;serum Cystatin C was measured by particle enhanced turbidimetric method,while eGFR was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease(MDRD)equation which was mainly based on the serum creatinine concentration.According to the American national kidney foundation-Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative(NKF-K/DOQI)guideline,all cases were grouped by eGFR into 5 stages.Results In these 228 cases,as eGFR decreased gradually,the average levels of creatinine and Cystatin C increased,while Ccr decreased.The level of each items showed a statistic difference among each stage(P0.05);in eGFR 60-89 ml/min group,the average level of creatinine was 83.3 ?mol/L,the abnormal rate was only 6.8%,it was not a sensitive marker to detect the slightly damaged GFR,the levels of Ccr and Cystatin C showed a marginal decrease and increase,with an abnormal rates of 70% and 86%,there was a statistic difference among the three abnormal rates(P
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Objective To investigate plasma levels of total carnitine (TC) and free camitine (FC) in patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.Methods 200 cases of normal group came from physical examination in this hospital,all testing cases were the in-hospital patients in the department of nephropathy.TC and FC were determined by use of an enzymatic cycle assay on Hitachi 7170 automatic biochemical analyzer.Results In 200 cases of normal group,TC level was (56.52?9.61) ?mol/L,and FC was (46.60?8.23) ?mol/L.In 37 hemodialysis patients,TC and FC levels were (41.47?13.22) ?mol/L and (24.58?8.91)?mol/L before dialysis,a statistic difference was observed against the control group (P0.05).Conclusions Carnitine deficiency was seen in most patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.Furthermore,the deficiency status got worse along with the dialysis course in hemodialysis patients.Carnitine infusion can effectively improve the status of these patients.